The original purpose of the Regional Stream Water Geochemical Mapping data set was national general geochemical mapping and the basic assessment of environmental state. Other uses are, for example, the assessment of changes in environmental state and determination of the baseline concentrations of surface water as part of the evaluation of the chemical state of catchment areas in accordance with the Water Framework Directive of the EU.

Geological Survey of Norway, NGU

The coordinates of the samples have been determined from 1:20 000 base maps or from smaller scale maps. Stream width, the flow rate, surrounding land-use and the sediment type at the sample site have been observed in the field. Other data are based on chemical analyses done in the laboratory.

Field observations are coded as follows:

Width of flow (stream) is given in metres.

The flow rate is estimated using a four degree scale:

1 standing water

2 clear flow

3 rapid flow

4 dry river bed

Surrounding land-use is coded as follows:

H clear cut area

M forest, bush

N meadow, uncultivated field

P cultivated field

S mire

T dense habitation

X unknown

Sediment / terrain type

HK sand

KA rock, boulder field, rock field

MR till

SA clay, silt

TU peat

XX unknown

In Regional Stream Water Geochemical Mapping water samples were collected for physiochemical determinations and anion analyses in a 500 ml plastic bottle. For heavy metal analyses, 100 ml of water was filtered (0.45 µm) and preserved with suprapur nitric acid (1 ml). Filtering and acidification of the samples was done in the field. Every twentieth sample was a so-called blank sample (deionised water) which underwent the same processing as other samples in the field. Detailed sampling descriptions are given in Lahermo et al. (1996) and, for 2000, by Gregorauskiene et al. (2000). Water samples were transported to the laboratory in cold flasks that were kept refrigerated in Styrofoam boxes protected from light. In the laboratory, the sample boxes were kept until measurement in a dark coldroom at a temperature of about 4 °C. The storage time of the samples varied in different years.

In 1990, 1995 and 2006, water samples were analysed in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) in Otaniemi and in 2000 at the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU). The laboratories are accredited in accordance with TO25 (EN ISO/IEC 17025).

The water samples were analysed with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The ICP equipment in use at the GTK were ICP-AES model Jarrel-Ash Atomcomp Series 800 and ICP-MS model ICP-MS Perkin Elmer SCIEX Elan 5000. The mass spectrometer used at the NGU was a High Resolution ICP-MS (Finnigan Mat Element) and the ICP-AES device was a Thermo Jarrel Ash ICP 61. Anions (F-, SO42-, Cl- and NO3-) were determined using the ion chromatography method (IC).

In 1990 and 1995, water pH was measured in the laboratory potentiometrically with a WTW pH-90 device and electrical conductivity (EC) Radiometer CDM 83 conductivity meter. The 2000 and 2006 samples for pH and electrical conductivity were measured in the field with a WTW Multiline P3 pH/LF-SET device. A separate conductivity meter (WTW LF92).was also used to measure electrical conductivity.

In 1990, 1995 and 2006, bicarbonate (HCO3-) was determined titrimetrically in the laboratory. In 2000, alkalinity was measured in the field with a Hach digital titrator (Hach Model 16900-01). The solution was titrated to a pH value of 4.5 (measured with a pH meter). In 2006, 21 samples were measured in the field and in the laboratory (Tenhola and Tarvainen 2008).

In Regional Stream Water Geochemical Mapping water samples were collected for physiochemical determinations and anion analyses in a 500 ml plastic bottle. For heavy metal analyses, 100 ml of water was filtered (0.45 µm) and preserved with suprapur nitric acid (1 ml). Filtering and acidification of the samples was done in the field. Every twentieth sample was a so-called blank sample (deionised water) which underwent the same processing as other samples in the field. Detailed sampling descriptions are given in Lahermo et al. (1996) and, for 2000, by Gregorauskiene et al. (2000). Water samples were transported to the laboratory in cold flasks that were kept refrigerated in Styrofoam boxes protected from light. In the laboratory, the sample boxes were kept until measurement in a dark coldroom at a temperature of about 4 °C. The storage time of the samples varied in different years.

In 1990, 1995 and 2006, water samples were analysed in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) in Otaniemi and in 2000 at the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU). The laboratories are accredited in accordance with TO25 (EN ISO/IEC 17025).

The water samples were analysed with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The ICP equipment in use at the GTK were ICP-AES model Jarrel-Ash Atomcomp Series 800 and ICP-MS model ICP-MS Perkin Elmer SCIEX Elan 5000. The mass spectrometer used at the NGU was a High Resolution ICP-MS (Finnigan Mat Element) and the ICP-AES device was a Thermo Jarrel Ash ICP 61. Anions (F-, SO42-, Cl- and NO3-) were determined using the ion chromatography method (IC).

In 1990 and 1995, water pH was measured in the laboratory potentiometrically with a WTW pH-90 device and electrical conductivity (EC) Radiometer CDM 83 conductivity meter. The 2000 and 2006 samples for pH and electrical conductivity were measured in the field with a WTW Multiline P3 pH/LF-SET device. A separate conductivity meter (WTW LF92).was also used to measure electrical conductivity.

In 1990, 1995 and 2006, bicarbonate (HCO3-) was determined titrimetrically in the laboratory. In 2000, alkalinity was measured in the field with a Hach digital titrator (Hach Model 16900-01). The solution was titrated to a pH value of 4.5 (measured with a pH meter). In 2006, 21 samples were measured in the field and in the laboratory (Tenhola and Tarvainen 2008).

In 1990, 1995 and 2006, water samples were analysed in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) in Otaniemi and in 2000 at the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU). The laboratories are accredited in accordance with TO25 (EN ISO/IEC 17025).

The water samples were analysed with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The ICP equipment in use at the GTK were ICP-AES model Jarrel-Ash Atomcomp Series 800 and ICP-MS model ICP-MS Perkin Elmer SCIEX Elan 5000. The mass spectrometer used at the NGU was a high resolution ICP-MS (Finnigan MAT Element) and the ICP-AES device was a Thermo Jarrel Ash ICP 61. Anions (F-, SO42-, Cl- and NO3-) were determined using the ion chromatography method (IC).

In 1990 and 1995, water pH was measured potentiometrically in the laboratory with a WTW pH-90 device and electrical conductivity (EC) was measured using a Radiometer CDM 83 conductivity meter. The 2000 and 2006 samples for pH and electrical conductivity were measured in the field with a WTW Multiline P3 pH/LF-SET device. A separate conductivity meter (WTW LF92) was also used to measure electrical conductivity.

In 1990, 1995 and 2006, bicarbonate (HCO3-) was determined titrimetrically in the laboratory. In 2000, alkalinity was measured in the field with a Hach digital titrator (Hach Model 16900-01). The solution was titrated to a pH value of 4.5 (measured with a pH meter). In 2006, 21 samples were measured in the field and in the laboratory (Tenhola and Tarvainen 2008).

Using field codes, the SPSS program has been used to combine the field data with analytical results.

Aineisto